All about brutalist architecture

ZiQing Li

by ZiQing Li

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Brutalism, often associated with cold and imposing aesthetics, remains one of architecture’s most polarizing styles. Its striking visuals evoke strong reactions, conjuring images of prisons and authoritative structures. Yet, this mid-20th century movement, rooted in post-World War II reconstruction, bears historical significance and continues to captivate attention in contemporary architectural dialogues.

Originating in the 1950s UK, brutalism emerged amid the need for rapid rebuilding after the war’s devastation. Scarce resources, housing crises, and the urgency to restore order led to an emphasis on raw materials and construction techniques. Concurrently, in the Soviet Union, a different crisis unfolded—urban overpopulation. The response was the construction of uniform prefab tenement structures called Khrushchyovka, reflecting a commitment to egalitarian principles.

This movement was met with Western criticism due to its association with communism. To counter these perceptions of uniformity and poverty, British brutalist designers imbued their creations with grandeur. This resulted in the proliferation of stark concrete facades and protruding sections, both in the UK and globally, particularly in institutional settings.

Brutalism is defined by distinctive characteristics: raw and exposed concrete, geometric forms, functionality, monumental scale, expressive structures, and minimal ornamentation. These features evoke strong opinions, with admirers appreciating their raw beauty and authenticity, while critics decry their perceived harshness and visual austerity. Brutalism’s roots also intertwine with socialist aspirations, embodying ideals of a more equitable society. Its influence is seen in iconic dystopian films such as “1984,” where imposing concrete structures symbolize oppressive regimes. Architects like Le Corbusier and Marcel Breuer significantly shaped brutalist aesthetics. Le Corbusier’s CitĂ© Radieuse housing complex epitomized brutalist ideals, while Marcel Breuer’s experiments with reinforced concrete left an indelible mark.

Notable examples underscore brutalism’s diversity and impact. Boston City Hall, completed in 1968, is both celebrated as a brutalist exemplar and criticized as the “world’s ugliest building.” Habitat 67 by Moshe Safdie merges apartment living with standalone house attributes, creating a unique housing complex. The Trellick Tower by ErnĹ‘ Goldfinger, completed in 1972, stands as a London symbol of brutalist architecture.

In essence, brutalism’s raw aesthetics and functional design principles have left a lasting impact on architectural history, shaping both physical landscapes and the opinions of those who encounter it. The movement’s historical context, defining characteristics, and influential figures reflect its enduring impact on contemporary design and urban environments.


© ZiQing Li 2023-08-16

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